POLICE MILITARIZATION BEFORE SEPTEMBER 11

New York anniversary appear some cogent abstracts endure ages on how delayed-notice seek warrants - aswell accepted as "sneak-and-peek" warrants -- accept been acclimated in contempo years. Admitting anesthetized with the PATRIOT Act and justified as a much-needed weapon in the war on terrorism, the sneak-and-peek was acclimated in a alarm analysis just 15 times amid 2006 and 2009. In biologic investigations, however, it was acclimated added than 1,600 times during the aforementioned period.


It's a accustomed storyline. In the 10 years aback the alarm attacks of September 11, 2001, the government has claimed a amount of new policing admiral in the name of attention the country from terrorism, generally at the amount of noncombatant liberties. But already claimed, those admiral are overwhelmingly acclimated in the war on drugs. Nowhere is this added bright than in the continuing militarization of America's badge departments.

POLICE MILITARIZATION BEFORE SEPTEMBER 11

The trend adjoin a added militarized calm badge force began able-bodied afore 9/11. It in actuality began in the aboriginal 1980s, as the Regan administering added a new ambit of literalness to Richard Nixon's acknowledgment of a "war on drugs." Reagan declared adulterous drugs a blackmail to civic security, and already likened America's biologic action to the Apple War I action of Verdun. But Reagan was added than just rhetoric. In 1981 he and a adjustable Congress anesthetized the Aggressive Cooperation with Law Administration Act, which accustomed and encouraged the aggressive to accord local, state, and federal badge admission to aggressive bases, research, and equipment. It accustomed the aggressive to alternation noncombatant badge admiral to use the anew accessible equipment, instructed the aggressive to allotment drug-war–related advice with noncombatant badge and accustomed the aggressive to yield an alive role in preventing drugs from entering the country.


A bill anesthetized in 1988 accustomed the Civic Guard to aid bounded badge in biologic interdiction, a law that resulted in Civic Guard troops administering biologic raids on city-limits streets and application helicopters to analysis rural areas for pot farms. In 1989, President George Bush allowable a new action creating bounded assignment armament aural the Pentagon to plan with bounded badge agencies on anti-drug efforts. Aback then, a amount of added bills and behavior accept carved out added means for the aggressive and calm badge to abet in the government's advancing attack to anticipate Americans from accepting high. Then-Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney declared in 1989, "The apprehension and countering of the production, trafficking and use of actionable drugs is a top antecedence civic aegis mission of the Administration of Defense."

The botheration with this assortment of calm policing with aggressive operations is that the two institutions accept starkly altered missions. The military's job is to abate a adopted enemy. Cops are answerable with befitting the peace, and with attention the built-in rights of American citizens and residents. It's alarming to conflate the two. As aloft Reagan administering official Lawrence Korb already put it, "Soldiers are accomplished to vaporize, not Mirandize." That acumen is why the U.S. anesthetized the Posse Comitatus Act added than 130 years ago, a law that absolutely forbids the use of aggressive troops in calm policing.
Over the endure several decades Congress and administrations from both parties accept affiliated to carve holes in that law, or at atomic accretion means about it, mostly in the name of the biologic war. And while the behavior acclaimed aloft accustomed new means to absorb the aggressive in calm policing, the abundant added boundless and ambiguous trend has been to accomplish our calm badge departments added like the military.

The capital culprit was a 1994 law acceding the Pentagon to accord surplus aggressive accessories to bounded badge departments. In the 17 years since, in fact millions of pieces of accessories advised for use on a adopted battlefield accept been handed over for use on U.S. streets, adjoin U.S. citizens. Addition law anesthetized in 1997 added automated the process. As Civic Journal appear in 2000, in the aboriginal three years afterwards the 1994 law alone, the Pentagon broadcast 3,800 M-16s, 2,185 M-14s, 73 armament launchers, and 112 armored cadre carriers to noncombatant badge agencies above America. Calm badge agencies aswell got bayonets, tanks, helicopters and even airplanes.


All of that accessories again facilitated a affecting acceleration in the amount and use of paramilitary badge units, added frequently accepted as SWAT teams. Peter Kraska, a criminologist at the University of Eastern Kentucky, has been belief this trend aback the aboriginal 1980s. Kraska begin that by 1997, 90 percent of cities with populations of 50,000 or added had at atomic one SWAT team, alert as abounding as in the mid-1980s. The amount of towns with populations amid 25,000 and 50,000 with a SWAT aggregation added 157 percent amid 1985 and 1996.

As the amount of SWAT teams multiplied, their use broadcast as well. Until the 1980s, SWAT teams were acclimated about abandoned to defuse actual threats to the accessible safety, contest like earnest takings, accumulation shootings, able fugitives, or coffer robberies. The admeasurement of SWAT teams that began in the 1980s, forth with incentives like federal anti-drug grants and asset damage policies, fabricated it advantageous to use them for biologic policing. According to Kraska, by the aboriginal 1980s there were 3,000 anniversary SWAT deployments, by 1996 there were 30,000 and by 2001 there were 40,000. The boilerplate badge administration deployed its SWAT aggregation about already a ages in the aboriginal 1980s. By 1995, it was seven times a month. Kraska begin that 75 to80 percent of those deployments were to serve seek warrants in biologic investigations.
TERROR ATTACKS BRING NEW ROUND OF MILITARIZATION
The September 11 attacks provided a new and acutely burning absolution for added militarization of America's badge departments: the charge to assure the country from terrorism.

Within months of the attacks on the Pentagon and Apple Trade Center, the Office of Civic Biologic Control Action began laying the background with a alternation of ads (featured a lot of noticeably during the 2002 Super Bowl) attached recreational biologic use to abutment for terrorism. Agitation became the new acumen to arm American cops as if they were soldiers, but biologic offenders would still be their primary targets.

In 2004, for example, law administration admiral in the New York counties of Oswego and Cayuga dedicated their new SWAT teams as a all-important anticipation in a post–September 11 world. “We’re in a new era, a new time," here,” one sheriff told the Syracuse Post Standard. “The bad guys are a little altered than they acclimated to be, so we’re just aggravating to accumulate up with the needs for today and achievement we never accept to use it.” The aforementioned sheriff said afterwards in the aforementioned commodity that he'd use his new SWAT aggregation “for a lot of added purposes, too ... just a aggregation of added things." In 2002, the seven badge admiral who serve the boondocks of Jasper, Florida - which had all of 2,000 humans and hadn’t had a annihilation in added than a decade - were anniversary accustomed a military-grade M-16 apparatus gun from the Pentagon alteration program, arch one Florida cardboard to run the headline, “Three Stoplights, Seven M-16s.”

In 2006 alone, a Pentagon agent told the Worcester, Massachusetts Telegram & Gazette, the Administration of Defense "distributed cars account $15.4 million, aircraft account $8.9 million, boats account $6.7 million, weapons account $1 actor and 'other' items account $110.6 million" to bounded badge agencies.
In 2007, Clayton County, Georgia -- whose sheriff already complained that the biologic war was getting fought like Vietnam, and should instead be fought added like the D-Day aggression at Normandy - got its own catchbasin through the Pentagon's alteration program. Nearby Cobb County got its catchbasin in 2008. In Richland County, South Carolina, Sheriff Leon Lott acquired an M113A1 armored cadre carrier in 2008.

The car moves on tank-like tracks, and appearance a belt-fed, turreted apparatus gun that fires .50-caliber rounds, a blazon of armament so able that even the aggressive has restrictions on how it's acclimated on the battlefield. Lott called his car "The Peacemaker." (Lott, is currently getting sued for sending his SWAT aggregation abolition into the homes of humans who appeared in the aforementioned abominable photo that depicted Olympic gold-medalist swimmer Michael Phelps smoker pot in Richland County.) Maricopa County, Arizona, Sheriff Joe Arpaio aswell has a belt-fed .50-caliber apparatus gun, admitting it isn't affiliated to his armored cadre carrier.

After 9/11, badge departments in some cities, including Washington, D.C., aswell switched to action dress uniforms (BDUs) instead the acceptable badge uniform. Critics says even attenuate changes like a added militarized compatible can change both accessible acumen of the badge and how badge see their own role in the community. One such critic, retired badge baker Bill Donelly, wrote in a letter to the editor of the Washington Post, "One tends to bandy attention to the wind if cutting ‘commando-chic’ regalia, a bulletproof belong with the chat ‘POLICE’ emblazoned on both sides, and if one is armed with top tech weaponry."

Departments in places like Indianapolis and some Chicago suburbs aswell began accepting apparatus accoutrements from the aggressive in the name of angry terror. Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick in fact abeyant the Pentagon affairs in his accompaniment afterwards the Boston Globe appear that added than 80 badge departments above the accompaniment had acquired added than 1,000 pieces of aggressive equipment. "Police in Wellfleet, a association accepted for beauteous beaches and delicious oysters, denticulate three aggressive advance rifles," the Globe reported. "At Salem Accompaniment College, area contempo badge calls accept included apocryphal blaze alarms and a dupe adrift the campus, academy badge got two M-16s. In West Springfield, badge acquired even added able weaponry: two military-issue M-79 armament launchers."

September 11 aswell brought a new antecedent of allotment for military-grade accessories in the Administration of Citizenry Security. In contempo years, the bureau has accustomed anti-terrorism grants to badge agencies above the country to acquirement armored cadre carriers, including such absurd agitation targets as Winnebago County, Wisconsin; Longview, Texas; Tuscaloosa County, Alabama; Canyon County, Idaho; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Adrian, Michigan; and Chattanooga, Tennessee. If the Memphis suburb of Germantown, Tennessee -- which claims to be one of the safest cities in the country -- got its APC in 2006, its sheriff told the bounded cardboard that the accretion would put the boondocks at the "forefront" of citizenry aegis preparedness.

In Eau Clare County, Wisconsin, government admiral told the Leader Telegram that the county's new APC would abate "the blackmail of weapons or atomic devices." County lath affiliate Sue Miller added, "It’s nice, but I achievement we never accept to use it." But afterwards in the aforementioned article, Badge Arch Jerry Matysik says he planned to use the car for added purposes, including "drug searches." It may not be necessary, Matysik said, "But because it’s available, we’ll apparently use it just to be cautious."
The DHS grants are about acclimated to acquirement the Lenco Bearcat, a adapted armored cadre carrier that sells for $200,000 to $300,000. The car has become something of a cachet attribute in some badge departments, who generally put out columnist releases with photos of the purchase, forth with assuming badge admiral clad in appearance or action dress uniforms.

HuffPost beatific a Freedom of Advice Act appeal to the Administration of Citizenry Aegis allurement just how abounding grants for the cars accept been accustomed out aback September 11, how abundant aborigine money has been spent on them, and which badge agencies accept accustomed them. Senior FOIA Affairs Specialist Angela Washington said that this advice isn't available.

The post-September 11 era has aswell apparent the role of SWAT teams and paramilitary badge units aggrandize to accomplish irenic crimes above even the biologic war. SWAT teams accept been acclimated to breach up adjacency poker games, beatific into confined and fraternities doubtable of acceptance arrears drinking, and even to accomplish booze and anatomic licensing regulations. Earlier this year, the Administration of Education beatific its SWAT aggregation to the home of anyone doubtable of ambidexterity the federal apprentice accommodation program.

Kraska estimates the absolute amount of SWAT deployments per year in the U.S. may now top 60,000, or added than 160 per day. In 2008, the Maryland assembly anesthetized a law acute every badge administration in the accompaniment to affair a bi-annual address on how it uses its SWAT teams. The bill was anesthetized in acknowledgment to the mistaken and agitated SWAT arrest on the home of Berwyn Heights, Maryland ambassador Cheye Calvo, during which a SWAT aggregation attempt and dead his two atramentous labs. The aboriginal letters showed an boilerplate of 4.5 SWAT raids per day in that accompaniment alone.


Critics like Joseph McNamara, who served as a badge arch in both San Jose, California, and Kansas City, Missouri, anguish that this trend, now apprenticed by the war on alarm in accession to the war on drugs, accept acquired badge to lose afterimage of their role as keepers of the peace.

"Simply put, the badge ability in our country has changed," McNamara wrote in a 2006 commodity for the Wall Street Journal. "An accent on 'officer safety' and paramilitary training pervades today's policing, in adverse to the earlier culture, which captivated that cops didn't shoot until they were about to be attempt or stabbed." Noting the ample firepower badge now carry, McNamara added, "Concern about such firepower in densely busy areas hitting innocent citizens has accustomed way to an attitude that the badge are angry a war adjoin drugs and abomination and have to be heavily armed."

In 2009, bang spending became addition way to armamentarium militarization, with badge departments requesting federal banknote for armored vehicles, SWAT armor, apparatus guns, surveillance drones, helicopters, and all address of added appropriate accessory and equipment.

Like McNamara, aloft Seattle Badge Arch Norm Stamper finds all of this troubling. "We bare bounded badge to play a legitimate, continuing role in furthering citizenry aegis aback in 2001," says Stamper, now a affiliate of Law Administration Adjoin Prohibition. "After all, the 9/11 agitator attacks took abode on specific badge beats in specific badge precincts. Instead, we got a 10-year attack of accretion militarization, constitution-abusing tactics, causeless abandon and affliction as the badge acclimated federal funds, equipment, and training to access up the biologic war. It's just tragic."